Taoism 3 Essay Example For Students

Taoism 3 Essay In an effort to decide how I wanted to approach this paper, I decided to search the Internet to see what todays world held for me on the matters of Chinese Philosophy. One quote describing Chuang Tzu, the topic of my research paper, stuck out. In describing what this person thought was the overlying teachings of Chuang Tzu he stated, The individual could attain mystical unity with this One by achieving complete emptiness or hs -a timeless state free of worries or selfish desires, open to impressions but transcending all individual material objects. This is what truly made the biggest impression on me from our seminar class. Now, I know that in the beginning of the class we were lead to believe that none of these philosophies should change our life because for one, they where written a very long time ago, where being in a timeless state free of worries, could be possible. I have to say though that some of the material, especially Chuang Tzu really changed my outlook on many things.My parents could say that this philosophy has made me lazy, believing that I can go through life, living peacefully and harmoniously, in nature, with out a care in the world. I dont really believe this, but some of Chuang Tzus arguments have either made me strongly agree with what he was teaching, or go into the opposing view and really make me want to seek out more to life, than just my surroundings. We will write a custom essay on Taoism 3 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As a philosopher, Chuang Tzu has been under attack from the beginning. It has been said that scholars at the time could neither figure out what to do with him nor overlook his caustic attack on their root assumptions.(Wu, 2) He has been misunderstood from the beginning. Critics are always condemning him, and not fully understanding what he is trying to hear. His critics can be often heard describing him as a skeptic, nihilist, fatalist, relativist, and even an evolutionistIn other words, Chuang Tzu is a queer mystical negativist, an obscure prankster, who is not worth taking seriously. (Wu, 2)Chuang Tzu from the beginning effected me greatly and made the world around me seem different. His teachings helped me understand a lot of the emotions that I had been filed with as a child and through my many stages of maturing. In Section one Free and Easy Wandering, Chuang Tzu proclaims, If you go off into the green woods nearby, you can take along food for three meals and come back with your stomach full as ever. (24) In essence he is saying that food is not the only necessary means of filling a person. There is so much more out there in this world. A persons soul also needs nourishment. Being at peace can fulfill this need, and nature can bring you a feeling of relaxation and peacefulness. The truth is that it is easier to figure out what is going on around you while surrounded by gods gifts to the earth. The pureness of nature can satisfy more than any actual substance or material. The little quail laughs at him, saying, Where does he think hes going? I give a great leap and fly up, but I never get more than ten or twelve yards before I come fluttering down among the weeds and brambles. And thats the best kind of flying anyway!†¦ Such is the difference between big and little.(25) Now this is something that Chuang Tzu discusses that I disagree with. In his writings he believes that a person is given their talents by god or nature, and that it is the foolish person that tries to defy nature and experience and accomplish things that is beyond them. This quote about the little quail states that the quail is perfectly happy in his own world, content in his belief that he lives the best possible way, and that anyone who reaches outside of that realm is foolish, that nothing could possibly be better than what he knows. This seems ignorant to me. Why should people stay within what they know, why shouldnt they strive like Peng to fly as high as they can, and travel to distant lands, nothing should seem unconquerable? This is where I find some weakness in his teachings. He sees this pride of not trying to go further as a positive thing, as in his quote Therefore a man who has wisdom enough to fill one office effectively, good conduct enough to impress one community, virtue enough to please one ruler, or talent enough to be called into service in one state, has the same kind of self-pride as these little creatures. (25) I actually received a kind of re-enforcement from this quote, but it came from the opposite conclusion. That this statement was unsatisfactory for me, and why should I be constrained to my surroundings? This class and Chuang Tzu, and also the book Iron Silk, are some of the reasons that I decided to take Chinese and I decided to study in China. I wanted to defy what was expected of me, I wanted to break out of the Western World. It was fascinating when my fellow students in class spoke Chinese and I wanted to understand and be a ble to speak the tongue that sounded so foreign to my ears. Another quote that seemed fascinating to me was the quote from Section one, He drew a clear line between the internal and the external and recognized the boundaries of true glory and disgrace. But that was all. As far as the world went. He didnt fret and worry, but there was still ground he left unturned. Now I got two things out of this quote,One, that you should be free, recognize the obvious, but dont stress. Realize your surroundings, your boundaries, your limitations, but dont go beyond that. Just by being observant and understanding the atmosphere that you are in, you will be content. You should not waste your time trying to discover everything, because one, not everything was meant to be discovered, and two at this point you should just be content with yourself, and with this contentment, you will find peace and happiness. By discovering too much, you will discover things that you dont understand and that will make y ou unhappy. Basically, he is saying, the less you know, the happier you are, to just be happy with what you are given and taught. I dont really agree with this train of thought. How can you be content when there is so much out there to discover, how do you curb curiosity?Lastly the final quote from Section one that I found fascinating was, I have a big tree called a shu. Its trunk is too gnarled and bumpy to apply a measuring line to, its branches to bent and twisty to match up to a compass or square. You could stand it by the road and no carpenter would look at it twice. Your words, too, are big and useless, and so everyone alike spurs them! Chuang Tzu said, Now you have this big tree, and your distressed because its useless. Why dont you plant it in Not-Even-Anything Village, or the field of Broad-and-Boundless, relax and do nothing by its side, or lie down for a free and easy sleep under it? Axes will never shorten its life, nothing can ever harm it. If theres no use for it, how can it come to grief o pain.This is one of my favorite quotes because it shows the purpose for what others see as useless. It reminds me of the story of the Giving Tree, where the tree can not act out an activity, it is always there to provide something, and does not hurt a thing. This is what Chuang Tzu is saying. Why should people spurn what Chuang Tzu says, or criticize him? If what they are saying is true, that he provides nothing, but uselessness, than how can he be hurting anything, and if he is not causing any pain, why should he be stopped from what he is doing? But in actuality if there can be any good coming out of his lessons, than they should be taught freely and not shunned. Like the tree, he provides comfort in a world which always expects something back, like the tree which provides shade and a place to lie down and rest, he to shows people only good things in the world, and how to find peace with themselves, how can this be bad, when he expects nothing back?Section two, Discussion on Making All Things Equal criticizes society and what effects it has on people. Chuang Tzu believes that society can be detrimental to the human spirit. There is so much that drains the everyday person, so much that conquers them. So many expectations drag people away from an easy, spiritual life.Great understanding is broad and unturned; little understanding is cramped and busy. Great words are clear and limpid; little words are shrill and quarrelsome†¦.With everything they men meet they become entangled. Day after day they use their minds in strife, sometimes grandiose, sometimes sly, sometimes petty. Their little fears are mean and trembly; their great fears are stunned and overwhelming†¦They cling to their position as though they have sworn before the gods, sure that they are holding on to victory. They fade like fall and winter- such is the way that dwindle day by day. They drown in what they do you cannot make them turn back. (32)This quote is so sy mbolic of the way Chuang Tzu feels about the world around him. Simple men, who keep to the constraints of their life and what is expected of them by society become petty. They have no real understanding of the earth and of nature. They dont understand themselves or their purpose of survival on earth. They believe that survival includes competition for little mindless things. These things will not make men better humans, just ignorant to everything around them. They waste their minds and their talents. Men who are constrained dont even find their talents, let alone use them to their full potential. They hold onto meaningless things, that in the end will not help them better themselves. Becoming consumed makes these men fear things they should not, and worship things that symbolize nothingness. Chuang Tzu continues on to state that,Joy, anger, grief, delight, worry, regret, fickleness, inflexibility, modesty, willfulness, candor, insolence music from empty holes†¦Let it be! Let it be! It is enough that morning and evening we have them, and they are the means by which we live. Without them we would not exist, without us they would have nothing to take hold of. (32-33)This emphasis on acceptance of nature is a trend throughout his entire writings. All of these emotions that people let overtake their spirit and attitude are useless. They do not help man, they only hinder him. Chunag Tzu teaches that people can be at peace if they live life without these annoying personality traits. Emotions like anger, worry, and regret get the better of man, they control his actions and his view of the world around him. Whether it makes him insecure or overconfident, these emotions he describes as empty. We should just accept what is given to us by the gods and live with what is naturally bestowed upon us. Another concept Chuang Tzu discusses in Making All Things Equal is The Way. This is one of the most talked about conceptions in Taoism. He believes that to be one with The Way you must accept all things. No division is needed. When a person judges things, he bases it on right and wrong. If there was no right or wrong, then no judgment would need to be made. With this and that, in the manner in one describes something, a separation is devised. Once all is accepted the opposites that people conceive really no longer exist. Everything is turned into one with the Way, there is no division. Chuang Tzu accepts things as they are, though to the ordinary person attempting to establish values they appear chaotic and doubtful and in need of clarification. (38) He goes on to use many wordy theories to prove the point that there is no use in overanalyzing, just accept life and try not to understand it because there are so many things out there that we can not possibly understand. .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f , .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .postImageUrl , .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f , .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f:hover , .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f:visited , .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f:active { border:0!important; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f:active , .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf113883285190c81f5a5972b6cea7e8f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Strategic Analysis For The Dominos Pizza Commerce EssayThe only possible way to describe The Way is to quote Chunag Tzu himself because the concept is so hard to grasp. The Way has never known boundaries; speech has no constancy. Let me tell you what the boundaries are, there is left, there is right, there are theories, there are debates, there are divisions, there are discriminations, there are emulations, and there are contentions. These are called the Eight Virtues. As to what is beyond the Six Realms heaven, earth, and the four directions, i.e., the universe the sage admits it exists, but does not theorize†¦.So I say, those who divide fail to divide; those who discriminate, fail to discriminate†¦Their sage embraces things. Ordinary men discriminate among them†¦So I say, those who discriminate fail to see. (39)The basic concept in this that I can devise, which according to Chuang Tzu, I shouldnt even be analyzing at all, is that the sage tells us not to probe into matters that are beyond us. The person that divides fails. He examines life in to much detail and does not just embrace what is given to him. Those who do discriminate can not comprehend The Way, they over-theorize, which is why the fail to see.Those who fail to see seem to think that the only way to exist on earth is to strive for meaningless things, by Chuang Tzus standards. Interesting enough, he explains that people really dont know what we are here for. He states, H ow do I know that the dead do not wonder why they ever longed for life?(43) This one statement seems almost profound. Why do people believe that this is the only life there is to lead, that they must achieve so much by societys standards, when they do not know what else lies ahead after death? So many people go through life fearing death, and this is one of the things that Chuang Tzu pities most of humankind for. This fear that is instilled in us seems worthless. People are afraid of the unknown, which is almost pointless because if you are never going to know, what is the point of wasting time being scared?It is fascinating that he believes, or at least presents us with the idea that everything around us could be a dream. Someday there will be a great awakening when we know that this is all a great dream. Yet the stupid believe they are awake†¦.assuming they understand things†¦how dense. (44) This is linked to the above quote by the means that people presume to know all a bout the earth. People assume that this life is the only life to lead, and the way in which they are living it is correct. He shows an interesting perspective with this theory. That everything we, as humans, believe to be reality, could be a great dream. He explains that stupid people take the world for granted. They dont question other possibilities, or other trains of thought because they are dense. Chuang Tzu tells us to Forget the years; forget the distinctions. Leap into the boundless and make it your home. (44)Section three continues along this train of thought of forget(ting) the years. The Secret of Caring for Life exhibits what Chuang Tzu really feels about how people should approach their lives. He believes that knowledge is endless, and there is such an abundance of it, and such a small span of the human life, that there is no point to strive for something we can never attain. He states, Follow the middle; go by what is constant, and you can stay in one piece, keep yourse lf alive, look after your parents, and live out your years. (46) This is what can make a person content and happy with their life. .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 , .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .postImageUrl , .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 , .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7:hover , .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7:visited , .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7:active { border:0!important; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7:active , .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7 .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u55f1b750fbe49545475dc329543d05f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eating Foods : Healthy Eating EssayIn the World of Men is section four. This quote exemplifies what he was trying to portray in this chapter:The future you cannot wait for; the past you cannot pursue. When the world has the Way, the sage succeeds; Good fortune is light as a feather, but nobody knows how to pick it up. Misfortune is heavy as earth, but nobody know how to stay out of its way. Leave off, leave off, (63)There is nothing that anyone can do in this world to change their fate. Fate is predestined and to try to change it or defy it is useless. If a person waits for the inevitable then they have wasted their life. Chuang Tzu advises to just enjoy what life gives yo u, and to try to stay at of harms way. That is the way to lead a successful life. The discussion of how a person should live their life is a great discussion topic in Chuang Tzu. He asserts that Life, death, preservation, loss, failure, success, poverty, riches, worthiness, unworthiness, slander, fame, hunger, thirst, cold, heat these are the alternatives of the world, the workings of fateTherefore, they should not be enough to destroy your harmony If you can harmonize and delight in them, master them and never be at a loss for joycreating the moment within your own mind this is what I call being whole in power.The central theme of the Chuang Tzu may be summed up in a single word: freedom. How is man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity. Baggage of old ideas, the conventional concepts of right and wrong, good and bad, life and death, that he lugged about with him wherever he went. It is this baggage of conventional values that man must first of all discard before he can be free. If man would once forsake his habit of labeling things go od or bad, desirable, then the man-made ills, which are the product of mans purposeful and value-ridden actions, In Chuang Tzus view, the man who has freed himself from conventional standards of judgment can no longer be made to suffer†¦He does not in any literal sense withdraw and hide from the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦He remains in society but refrains from acting out of the motives that lead ordinary men to struggle for wealth, fame, success, or safety†¦.In such a state, all human actions become spontaneous and mindless as those of the natural world. Man becomes one with Nature, or Heaven.

Sonnets 29 and 73 by Shakespeare

Sonnets 29 and 73 by Shakespeare One of the reasons why the sonnets of William Shakespeare are being often referred to, as such, that represent a particularly high literary/philosophical value, is that the themes and motives, contained in them, reflect the actual essence of people’s foremost existential anxieties (Edmonson and Wells 212).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnets 29 and 73 by Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This could not be otherwise, because by being exposed to many of Shakespeare’s sonnets, people are able to realize the sheer acuteness of their deep-seated desire to attain a social prominence, to find happiness in love and to confront the inevitability of death. In this paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion, in regards to the Sonnets 29 and 73, while comparing and contrasting both of these masterworks, within the context of what accounts for the discursive significance of how they address the theme of people’s most pressing unconscious longings, mentioned earlier. It will not be much of an exaggeration to suggest that the main theme, explored in the Sonnet 29, has to do with the sensation of frustration that people get to experience, after having realized that they have failed in making their lives count, in the social sense of this word. The validity of this statement can be illustrated, in regards to the Sonnet’s initial lines, in which the author laments the fact that he is anything, but a socially respected individual: When in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes I all alone beweep my outcast state (1-2).Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After all, there can be only a few doubts that the allegory of ‘being in disgrace with fortune’ refers to one’s inability to gain the respect of other domination-seeking men. Nevertheless, there is still the spirit of positivity to the above-quoted lines, as they do extrapolate the author’s unconscious hope that the described emotional state, on his part, is temporary. After all, the very adverb ‘when’, used by the author, implies that there are also moments when the thoughts of being disfavored by fortune do not bother him. In this respect, the Sonnet 73 appears to differ rather substantially. The reason for this is that, while reflecting the author’s existential frustration, it makes a deliberate point in accentuating the frustration’s objectivity. Apparently, while writing it, Shakespeare remained thoroughly aware of the fact that it is specifically during the time of one’s youthful years that the concerned individual may have the expectations of a social advancement, in the first place. Allegorically speaking, in order to be in the position to compete with others for the place under the Sun, one must be Ã¢â‚¬Ë œfueled’ with youthfulness (Forrest 215). Therefore, the below-quoted lines from the Sonnet 73 can be well interpreted, as such, that reflect the author’s realization that, due to being no longer young and cheerful, he is doomed to spend the rest of his days in misery: In me thou seest the glowing of such fire That on the ashes of his youth doth lie (9-10). It is needless to mention, of course, that in the discursive sense of this word, it alone makes the Sonnet 73 much gloomier than the Sonnet 29.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnets 29 and 73 by Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The legitimacy of the above-stated may also be shown, in regards to how both Sonnets tackle the theme of love. For example, even though in the Sonnet 29, Shakespeare does complain about the fact that is not quite worthy of the subject of his love, he simultaneously implies that the romantic sensation in question is more than capable of providing him with the chance to feel self-actualized: For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings (13-14). Once, a particular person attains the state of a self-actualization (such as by the mean of having succeeded in bringing about the state of union with the object of its romantic desire), he can no longer be considered prone to the thoughts of depression: Haply I think on thee, and then my state, Like to the lark at break of day arising (10-11). In its turn, this empowers such a person rather substantially. While discouraged from becoming preoccupied with self-reflecting, due his newly found happiness in love, he no longer experiences the sensation of frustration – hence, growing increasingly capable of adopting an active stance in life.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, as it was mentioned earlier, it is specifically young people, who are being capable of not only enjoying love, but also of turning it into the actual source of their existential inspiration – older people experience love in the somewhat different manner. That is, instead of seeking to take practical advantage of love, as a life-empowering tool, they strive to enjoy the state of being romantically involved with another person, as a ‘thing in itself’. The above-mentioned directly relates to the way, in which Shakespeare proceeded to reflect upon his love-longings in the Sonnet 73. The rationale behind this suggestion is quite apparent. First, in this particular Sonnet, the author leaves only a few doubts, as to what happened to be his age: That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang (1-2). Apparently, Shakespeare wrote this Sonnet, while remaining fully acknowledged of his rather advanced years – the allego ry of ‘yellow leaves, or none’ does reflect the author’s awareness that his time on Earth is nearing its end. Second, Shakespeare points out to the fact that this is exactly the reason why his ‘lady of heart’ should be enjoying the experience of having fallen in love with him to the fullest. After all, according to the author, this experience will prove short-lived: This thou perceivst, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well which thou must leave ere long (13-14). As opposed to what it is being the case with how the author went about expounding on the significance of his romantic feelings in the Sonnet 29, in the Sonnet 73 he ended up referring to the notion of love, as the actual purpose of one’s existence, and not as merely the mean of such an existence’s enhancement. Thus, it will be thoroughly appropriate, on our part, to suggest that the earlier analyzed Sonnets can be well regarded as being subliminal of what accounte d for the consequential phases of the author’s physically-driven intellectual maturation. Edmonson, Paul and Stanley Wells. â€Å"The Plurality of Shakespeare’s Sonnets.†Ã‚  Shakespeare Survey 65 (2012): 211-220. Print. Forrest, Simon. â€Å"Young Men in Love: The (Re)making of Heterosexual Masculinities Through ‘Serious’ relationships.† Sexual Relationship Therapy 25.2 (2010): 206-218. Print. Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 29. Web. shakespeares-sonnets.com/sonnet/29 Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 73. Web. shakespeare-online.com/sonnets/73detail.html

Instrumental Analysis EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instrumental Analysis EXAM - Essay Example Infrared rays are used in analysis of the structure of organic compounds by examination of the chemical bonds. Microwaves are utilized in protein hydrolysis that is essential in amino acid evaluation. Radio waves are used in the chemical analysis of drugs. They are also utilized in evaluating the electronic conditions surrounding the nuclei (Sharma S-3 - S-12). Question 2: The energy across the EMR spectrum varies by decreasing from the gamma, to UV, to visible light, to IR, to microwaves and finally to radio waves. The frequency of the waves is highest in gamma rays and the radio waves have the least frequency just as arranged above. The radiation is determined by the energy levels; hence, the radiation also decreases in the order arranged above (Sharma S-3 - S-12). Question 4: A diode is a device that only permits current flow in a single direction. It functions to detect light though the creation of an electron-hole when a photon with enough energy hits it. It does this through the forward and reverse-bias. If the polarity is such that the electrons are permitted to move through the diode, it is termed as forward bias, however, if the diode hinders their flow, then it is called reverse bias. A diode array is a system that has several photodiode units. It is used in the obtaining of qualitative features of compounds in liquid chromatography. A charged coupled device (CCD) functions by having light interrupt the photodiodes. The photodiodes that are reverse-biased lead to the capacitor been discharged at a proportional rate to the amount of photon release. The released charge is transmitted to a shift recorder with the aid of the closing of a sequence of switches. After which, the switches open once the shift is recorded recharging the capacito rs. An A/D converter helps in obtaining the data, which is displayed on a computer (Park 1-15). Question 6: A photomultiplier functions by